Fritillary Yellow bells

Fritillary Yellow bells - Fritillaria pudica.
A bulbous perennial of the Liliaceae family, Liliarhyza group.
Flower color: orange-yellow bells.
Height of flowering plant: 20-30 cm.
Flowering period: April - May.
Soil requirements: dry, well drained.
Winter hardiness zones: Z3 - Z8.
The height of the stems is 7-30 cm, on them 1-3 hanging orange-yellow flowers are formed (flowers of plants from different populations can be from greenish to almost orange).
The bulb is disproportionately large, in the form of a monolithic disk covered with papillae, at the ends of which easily separable daughter bulbs are formed. The huge number of "children" does not facilitate breeding, since young plants have to be grown for a long time before flowering.
This is one of the species that can be grown in pots in a greenhouse-rock garden. Plants can be planted in the garden for the summer, choosing a warm sunny place for this.
1.0 g = 360 seeds.

* The Latin name of the genus, described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, comes from the Latin "fritillus" (a glass for throwing dice) and is given because of the shape of the flower.
Phenology: blooms in mid-May-June, bears fruit in July.
Ecology: meadow, fine-earth and gravelly-rocky slopes, shaded areas near cliffs in the middle and upper mountain belts (1600-2800 m above sea level).
Cultivation: first tested in the botanical garden of St. Petersburg in 1857. Successfully grown in the botanical gardens of Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Tartu, as well as many countries of Western Europe.
Practical value. A highly decorative plant, promising for group plantings on lawns and for rock gardens, also suitable for cutting. The bulbs contain alkaloids. In recent years, they have been illegally harvested in the Dzungarian Alatau instead of a closely related species, the whorled fritillary ( Fritillaria verticitlata ). The raw material is used to make the medicine "Pei-mu, Szechuan", which is used to treat hypertension and other diseases.
Diseases and pests : fritillaries are resistant to diseases, and proper agricultural technology makes the use of pesticides unnecessary. The most effective preventive method is crop rotation - periodic change of the area where other crops were previously grown (ideally, if these are not bulbous, but representatives of other genera are also acceptable). If part of the bulb is affected by rot, then sometimes the plant can be saved if the affected area is cut out to healthy tissue, and the cut is treated with a fungicide. Most fritillaries are resistant to botrytis and do not suffer from incurable viral diseases - a real scourge of other ornamental bulbous plants.
Propagation: by seeds and vegetatively. This sequence is not accidental. The fact is that the seed method is universal and suitable for all species, you only need at least two flowering plants of the same species. After pollination (using insects or artificially), a seed capsule is formed, which takes a vertical position as it matures. The stem lengthens and becomes stronger. Seeds can be collected after the walls of the capsule have dried. Sometimes, in very rainy years, it is advisable to break off the capsule earlier, when its walls begin to lighten, and ripen in a dry, ventilated place. The seeds of most fritillaries are resistant to fungal diseases. It is recommended to sow them immediately after collection in a site with well-prepared, organically rich soil, since the seedlings will grow here for several years and they need to be provided with nutrition for all these years. Inorganic fertilizers are applied in the form of annual feeding at key moments in plant development: at the beginning of growth, during the formation of the bulb.
Sow seeds on raised beds for better drainage in furrows 6-10 cm wide, with row spacing of approximately the same size. The depth of planting is 1 cm. To ensure that the bottom of the furrow is level, use a rectangular rigid plate with even edges, which is drawn along the guide board. Immediately after sowing, the surface of the bed is mulched with peat in a layer of 2 cm. The shoots appear in the spring of the following year and are a single leaf several centimeters high.
Germination varies greatly even within the same species in different years. This is mainly due to the weather conditions under which the seeds ripened. Seedlings are usually more resistant to soil freezing in winter than adult plants and generally to many unfavorable factors. Perhaps the main problem in our climate zone is protecting hazel grouse seedlings, natives of areas with dry summers, from soil moisture in the summer. Already two-year-old plants should be dug up after the end of the growing season and stored in a dry place in the summer.
This is quite a meticulous job, because the bulbs are still very small and some of them, as a rule, are lost in the process.
Use : fritillaries are good cut flowers, but their main purpose is to decorate the garden. Fritillaries of the same species are planted in groups that imitate natural clusters of plants (a mixed group looks completely unnatural). Large species are also magnificent when planted alone, especially since they bloom much earlier than other ornamental crops. Low species look better in rock gardens, where they seem to be closer to the viewer.
Growing fritillaries (especially small species) in pots is worth noting . Usually, several plants are planted in one container. When planting, it is very important to ensure good drainage. During the growth period, the temperature should be low (corresponding to spring). At this time, the plants should be in a ventilated greenhouse or outside. On a glazed unheated balcony or loggia, fritillaries in pots can be kept all year round. They are replanted once every 2 years.
Partners : good in rocky areas and in mixborders in combination with peonies, daffodils, tulips.

Did you know that... the largest bulb of the Edward's fritillary (Fritillaria eduardii) can weigh up to 1 kg. Not long ago, some species of fritillaries were used as food. Starch was obtained from dried and ground bulbs of the Korolkowia (fritillaria) sewerzowii, which was added to flour, and dried bulbs of the Kamchatka fritillary (Fritillaria camschatcensis) served as food for the Kamchadals and Indians, and were exported to America as "northwest rice".

Bot. syn.: Amblirion pudicum Raf., Fritillaria dichroa Gand., Fritillaria leucella Gand., Fritillaria oregonensis Gand., Fritillaria oreodoxa Gand., Fritillaria utahensis Gand., Fritillaria washingtonensis Gand., Theresia pudica (Pursh) Klatt.